South Asian Research Publishing Organization (SARPO)

Shakir Ullah¹, Said Majid Ahmad², Ihtisham Ul Haq², Ikram Ullah², Rizwana Bilqees³, Asghar Ali³, Yaseen Khan⁴and Muhammad Sajid⁵

¹State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany (LSEB) Institute of Botany Chines Academy of Science China

²Department of Botany, Govt Degree College Samarbagh Dir Lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan ³Department of Botany, University of Chitral – Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

⁴Department of Botany, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan ⁵Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan University Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan⁶Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University situated in Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to study area:

District Dir Lower is located between 340-370 to 350- 07 North Latitudes and 710-310 to 720-14 East longitudes, (Ullah et al., 2022). District Lower Dir is located in the north-western part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and is spread over an area of 1583 square kilometers. This area is superficially hilly. This region is connected on the north with Upper Dir, and Swat on the east, in the South borders with Malakand District, while Afghanistan and Bajaur districts lie on the west side (Ullah et al., 2021). At the time of independence, Dir was a princely state ruled by Nawab Shah Jehan Khan. It was merged with Pakistan in 1969 and later declared a district in 1970. On 13 August 1996, Districts Dir was bifurcated into two separate states, i.e., District Upper Dir and District Lower Dir (Ullah et al., 2017).

The district is divided into two main Subdivisions; Samar Bagh and Timergara. The district has seven Tehsils I.e., Balambat, Adenzai, Lal Qilla, Munda, Khall, Samar Bagh, and Timergara (Ullah et al., 2023.). District Dir Lower is further divided into 37 UCs and 1,023 villages (census report of District in, 1998). Peshawar is connected to Dir via Charsadda and Malakand. (Ahmad et al., 2023). Kambat is a union council of the Lower Dir District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Lower Dir District has 37 union councils with a population of 797,852, according to the 1998 census report.

The population growth rate of the Lower Dir District was 3.42% per annum between the 1981 and 1998 censuses (Ajaib et al., 2010). The major tribes are Yousafzai, Mashwani, Saddat, Tarran, Tajak, Atrafi, Khilji, Sahibzadgan, Mast Khel, Shinwari, Umer Khel, Swati, Mayar, Gujar, Sadat, Mashwani, Tajak, Wardag and Sultan Kheel etc (zaman et al., 2022).

Ethnobotany is the study of the interaction between plants and people, with a particular emphasis on traditional tribal cultures. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 65-80% of the world’s population in developing countries depends essentially on plants for their primary healthcare due to poverty and lack of access to modern medicine (Usma et al., 2022). Plants are significant sources of medicines that are used in the treatment of various categories of human diseases (Ahmad et al., 2023).

Historically all medicinal preparations were derived from plants, whether in the simple form of plant parts or in the more complex form of crude extracts, mixtures, etc. Today a substantial number of drugs are developed from plants that are active against a number of diseases (Principe, et al, 2005) and the use of medicinal plants is well known among the indigenous people in rural areas of many developing countries.

Plants, especially the higher ones have been described as the sleeping giants of drugs and these medicinal plants have been screened for their chemicals that are potentially potent (Bahadur et al. 2023). In 2002, herbal therapy was the leading CAM (complementary and alternative medicine) modality, consumed by 38 million U.S. adults. In 1997, 12.1% of the U.S. population used herbal medicine, whereas, by 2002, this figure increased to 18.6 % (Zaman et al., 2022). Moreover, sales of herbal medicines skyrocketed from $200 million in 1988 to $3.5 billion in 1997 and $4.4 billion in 2005.

The naturopathic doctor Michael Murray has fittingly pointed to a “herbal renaissance” resulting from advances in pharmacological techniques, increased scientific knowledge of medicinal compounds, and enhanced public acceptance of natural, or complementary, therapies (Hameed et al., 2022). Using ethnobotanical medicines from various global traditions for the treatment of cancer as examples, this article examines the utilitarian and anthropocentric ethics surrounding therapeutic flora. While several key ethnobotanical species for cancer treatment will be foregrounded in this article, I recognize that the ethics of reciprocity relate to all therapeutic uses of medicinal plants (Ajayi and Moody, 2015).

However, ethnobotanical species for cancer treatment offer salient examples of the need for reciprocity ethics; conventional medical practices prioritize the alleviation of human suffering, but marginalize the importance of giving back to plants, of returning the favor, in the spirit of reciprocity.

The conservation of medicinal plants in the wild ensures an ongoing reservoir of therapeutic plant compounds in the future (Arshad, 2021). However, while we consume ethnobotanical plants and contribute to (or subtract from) the viability of their habitats, what do we return to the plants from which the medicines have been derived? In contrast to the utilitarian ethics of medicinal plants, the value of reciprocity foregrounds appropriate and sustained exchanges between people and flora that are not based on use value or virtue theory alone.

Leslie Francis defines reciprocity as “the idea of actions-in-return that are not founded in voluntary agreements or contracts” and “doing one’s part to produce a common good when especially because others are doing theirs (Ahmad, 2023).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The present study was carried out from April 2021 to April 2022. During this time the project area was visited once a month for the collection of data pertinent to the ethnobotany, conservation, and plant diversity of the area. Each study trip was planned and executed effectively.

The research project was completed in three phases. These include literature collection, field trips for data collection, and documentation of the data obtained from Darangal Kambat Tehsil Samarbagh Dir Lower.

2.1. Field Work

Fieldwork was carried out in order to investigate the ethnobotany, plant diversity, and conservation status of the flora of Darangal Kambat Tehsil Samarbagh Dir Lower. The fieldwork included interviews, observations, and guided field walk/transect walks. Two methods were frequently used during the fieldwork.

2.2. Observations

This method was based on observations in the field conditions. These observations were made while visiting different villages. During this process, local methods of medicinal plant collection, storage, drying, harvesting time, processing, and utilization were observed and noted. In the meantime, all the plants during the flowering/fruiting stage, were collected, pressed, and preserved.

2.3 Botanical Identification

Plant samples collected throughout the fieldwork were taxonomically identified by using Flora of Pakistan and placed in the Herbarium of Govt Ghazi Umara Khan Degree College Samarbagh. The voucher specimens were kept after broad documents for future reference. From Medicinal Plants Names Services (mpns.kew.org/mpns) the correct name of plants was confirmed.

2.4. Interviews

During fieldwork, interviews were conducted with the local inhabitants, selected informants, the herbalist’s

Plant No: 2

Habitat: Dry places

Flowering Season: March-April

‘hakims’ (local physicians of the eastern system of medicine), pansies (medicinal plants sellers in the local markets). Questionnaires were adopted during the surveys in order to get a qualitative and participatory approach about the plant resources and their utilization by the local people. Questions concerning the utility of different plants, quantity of plants used, rate of consumption, availability, economics/market value, and fuel wood /fodder head loads were asked.

2.5. Ethnobotany

The plants of ethnobotanical importance were collected and classified on the basis of their utility in the area. Local people including plant collectors and others on the basis of age group were interviewed for ethnobotanical information about the area. The timings for fieldwork were selected according to the growth and collection season of the plants. Population size and its distribution, languages, ethnic affiliation, history of settlement, major social groups or classes, productive activities, subsistence crops, migration trends, etc. were also explored during the fieldwork.

RESULTS

A total of 50 species of plants belonging to 35 families were collected from the research area Darangal Dir Lower. Details about their local names, descriptions of plant, and ethno medicinal uses were also recorded. The details description is given below.

Plant No: 1

Botanical Name: Ajuba bracteosa Wall. Ex Benth English Name: Bugle

Local Name: Khwaga bootei, Gooti

Family: Lamiaceae

Habit: Shade-loving herb growing in crevices Habitat: Dry Place

Flowering Season: February – June

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses: The plant is used in internal colic, angina cough, and fever and for the treatment of achnaes. Decoction is useful for curing jaundice, hypertension, refrigerant, and sore throat.

Parts used: Leaves, shoots, and seeds

Local Name: Jaukay

Family: Asteraceae (Compositae)

English Name: Viagte wormwood

Habit: Herb

Botanical Name: Artemisia scoparia Linn Medicinal uses: Respiratory stimulant, anthelmintic and purgative. Used as a cure for earache

Plant No: 3

Botanical Name: Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Bth.) Codd English Name: Ajwain

Local Name: Spairkay

Family: Lamiaceae

Habit: Herbs

Habitat: Dry place

Parts used: Leaves

Medicinal uses:

The filtrate is kept for the whole night in the open sky and is drank early in the morning before breakfast for sore throat. Some people extract juice from its leaves, mix it with water, shake it well, and give it to children for cough.

Plant No: 4

Botanical Name: Mentha arvensis L.

English Name: Corn Mint

Local Name: Pudina

Family: Lamiaceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Moist places

Flowering season: July-August

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

The green and dried leaves are used as antispasmodic, refrigerant, stimulant, diuretic, and aromatic. The decoction of the leaves and lemon grass prepared and used as febrifuge in fever. It is a honey- bee species.

Plant No: 5

Botanical Name: Melia azedarach L

English Name: Chain berry Tree

Local Name: Hindustanai Shandai (Toora Shandai) Family: Meliaceae

Habit: A medium sized tree

Habitat: Dry soil

Flowering season: May-July

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

The bark used as cathartic, emetic and vermifuge. The fruit used as anthelmintic and sexual tonic. The decoction of leaves employed in hysteria and skin diseases. The leaves extract and fruit powders used

for liver complaints, night blindness, vomiting in fever and worms.

Plant No: 6

Botanical Name: Olea ferruginea Royle

English Name: Indian olive

Local Name: Khona

Family: Oleaceae

Habit: Tall tree

Habitat: Dry places

Flowering Season: April – May

Parts used: Fruits, leaves and trunk

Medicinal uses:

The fruit is antidiabetic. The leaves are used for toothache and throats soar. The leaves and bark are bitter and used as an astringent, antiseptic, antiperiodic, diuretic and tonic.

Plant No: 7

Botanical Name: Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. D English Name: Sideroxylon

Local Name: Gorgowara

Family: Sapotaceae

Habit: Medium sized tree

Habitat: Dry, exposed, sunny places

Flowering season: April-June

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

Fruits are edible, used as an astringent, refrigerant and to improve digestion. The plant grazed by goats, is used as fuel wood and as a hedge plant. The plant is used as fodder and for fencing.

Plant No: 8

Botanical Name: Paeonia emodi Wall. Ex Royle English Name:

Local Name: Mamaikh

Family: Paeoniaceae

Habit: A perennial herb

Habitat: Dry place

Flowering Season: April-May

Parts used: Rhizomes, roots and seeds

Medicinal uses:

Roots and rhizomes are used to cure backache, dropsy and epilepsy. It is also a tonic, emetic, cathartic, blood purifier and colic. The tubers are used medicinally in uterine and nervous Diseases. The seeds are used as purgative and emetic.

Plant No: 9

J. Agric. For. Res. Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 1-18, Year 2023 Local Name: Palosa

Botanical Name: Tribulus terrestris L.

English Name: Land caltrops

Local Name: Markondai

Family: Zygophylaceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Dry Place

Flowering period: April-August

Parts used: Fruits, roots

Medicinal uses:

The fruits and roots are given for urinary disorders and chronic cystitis. Its general use is as an aphrodisiac. The fruits and seeds are mixed with honey and used for curing impotence.

Plant No: 10

Botanical Name: Verbascum thapsus L.

English Name: Kashmir Salvia

Local Name: Kharghwag

Family: Scrophulariaceae

Habit: An annual herb

Habitat: Dry Place

Flowering Season: May to August

Parts used: Leaves, flowers, seeds

Medicinal uses:

Leaves and flowers are used against cough and pulmonary diseases in the form of a paste. The seeds are narcotic and used as a fish poison. Medicinally the plant is used as a demulcent, emollient, stimulant, and vermifuge.

Plant No: 11

Botanical Name: Accacia nilotica (L.) Delile English Name: Gum Arabic

Local Name: Kikar

Family: Mimosaceae

Habit: Tree

Habitat: Dry places

Flowering Season: May to August

Parts used: Flower

Medicinal uses:

Flower along with sugar is used for cough. In traditional medicine, Acacia nilotica is widely used. This plant has anti-microbial, anti-plasmodial and antioxidant activity and used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and cancer.

Plant No: 12

Botanical Name: Acacia modesta Wall

English Name: Senglia Modesta

Family: Mimosaceae

Habit: Tree

Habitat: Dry Places

Flowering Season: May to August

Parts used: Gum and wood

Medicinal uses:

Gum is used as a tonic. And used for cough. Traditionally, Acacia modesta Wall has been used to treat a number of ailments, such as leprosy, wound healing, dysentery, cough, venereal diseases, bacterial infection, and backache. In the present study, the work has been extended to examine the anti-diabetic, cytotoxic, and proliferative potential of this valuable plant.

Plant No: 13

Botanical Name: Chenopodium batrys L. English Name: Goosefoot

Local Name: Kharawa Sarmay

Family: Chenopodiaceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Dry place

Flowering Season: April to August

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

Use for washings of utensils, fuel, cooling agents and for infection with water, and used for blood purification. Chenopodium botrys has been used as an antispasmodic, anti-asthmatic, anthelmintic, and spice in traditional medicine.

Plant No: 14

Botanical Name: Dodonea viscosa (L.) Jacq English Name: Hop bush

Local Name: Ghwarrasky

Family: Sapindaceae

Habit: Shrub

Habitat: Dry place

Flowering Season: April to August

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

Ash is used to treat burns and skin infections. Water extracts of leaves is used as antihelmintic.

Plant No: 15

Botanical Name: Zanthoxylum armatum DC English Name: Winged prickly ash

Local Name: Dambara

Family: Rutaceae

Habit: Shrub

Habitat: Dry place Parts used: Fruit

Habit: Mushroom

Habitat: Dry Place

Flowering Season: April to August

Flowering Season: April to August

Medicinal uses:

Fruit is used for treating stomach disorders. Zanthoxylum armatum used as a medicine from ancient times for cure of various diseases such as toothache and problems related to tooth, asthma, used for gum bleeding, fever, dyspepsia, and tonics.

Plant No: 16

Botanical Name: Diospyros kaki L

English Name: Japanese persimmon

Local Name: Amlook

Family: Ebenaceae

Habit: Tree

Habitat: Dry Place

Flowering Season: April to August

Parts used: Fruit

Medicinal uses:

Fruit is suitable for eating; Leaves are utilized as food and fuel. Leaves, known as Shi Ye (in Chinese), have a long history as Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of ischemia stroke, angina, internal hemorrhage, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and some infectious diseases

Plant No: 17

Botanical Name: Eucalyptus lanceolatus L. English Name: Eucalyptus

Local Name: Laachi

Family: Myrtaceae

Habit: Tree

Habitat: Dry place

Parts used: Seed and wood

Flowering Season: April to August

Medicinal uses:

The powdered seeds are used to suppress cough. Herbal remedies recommend using fresh leaves in a gargle to relieve a sore throat, sinusitis, and bronchitis. Also, eucalyptus oil vapor appears to act as a decongestant when inhaled. It is a popular home remedy for colds and bronchitis.

Plant No: 18

Botanical Name: Morchella esculenta L.

English Name: Morel

Local Name: Khosay

Family: Helvelaceae

Parts used: Whole body

Medicinal uses:

Used as body tonic and nutritive food and also edible. It may be used as a purgative, laxative, body tonic, or emollient and also used for stomach problems, healing wound and for general weakness. It can be poisonous if eaten raw and produces so many adverse reactions if not used properly.

Plant No: 19

Botanical Name: Ricinus communis L.

English Name: Castor been

Local Name: Herhanda

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Habit: Shrub

Habitat: Dry Place

Flowering Season: April to August

Parts used: Seed and leaves

Medicinal uses:

Seeds are used for stomachache and in bowels problems. Seed oil is specifically used therapeutic for constipation. Leaves are emetic, narcotic.

Plant No: 20

Botanical Name: Viola canscens Wall. Ex Roxb English Name: Himalayan White Violet

Local Name: Benafsha

Family: Violaceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Dry Place

Flowering Season: April to August

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

Plants were used during cold, cough, asthma, headache and .and leaves are also mix in tea and used against chest disease.

Plant No: 21

Botanical Name: Rose indica L.

English Name: Rose

Local Name: Gulab

Family: Rosaceae

Habit: Shrub

Habitat: Found in most part of the country Flowering Season: April to August

Parts used: Flower, leaf and stems

Medicinal uses:

It is useful in heart disease, eye problem and improves high blood pressure. Herbal tea prepared from rose petal is very suitable to control acidity. Rose petals are used for the formation of perfume.

Plant No: 22

Botanical Name: Equisetum arvense L.

English Name: Field Horsetail

Local Name: Bandakay

Family: Equisetaceae

Habit: Herbs

Habitat: Dry Place

Parts used: Shoots

Sporing Seasons: March to April

Medicinal uses:

The extracts of shoots are mixed with mustard oil and used as a hair tonic and against lice. It is used for cleaning and washing utensils.

Plant No: 23

Botanical Name: Helianthus annuus L.

English Name: Sun Flower

Local Name: Nwar parast

Family: Asteraceae

Habit: Shrubs

Habitat: Agricultural Field

Flowering Season: April to August

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

Oil is used for cooking. The plant is ornamental. use as a remedy for pulmonary affections, a preparation of the seeds has been widely used for colds and coughs, in the Caucasus the seeds have served as a substitute for quinine in the treatment of malaria

Plant No: 24

Botanical Name: Hibiscus esculentus (L.) Moench English Name: Lady Finger

Local Name: Bandai

Family: Malvaceae

Habit: Herbs

Habitat: Agricultural Land

Flowering Season: April to August

Parts used: whole plant

Medicinal uses:

Used for wounds and boils. Leaves are diuretic, emollient. Fruit is edible. An infusion of the roots is used in the treatment of syphilis. The juice of the roots is used externally in Nepal to treat cuts, wounds, and boils. The leaves furnish an emollient

poultice. A decoction of the immature capsules is demulcent, diuretic and emollient.

Plant No: 25

Botanical Name: Plantago lanceolata L.

English Name: Ribwort plantain

Local Name: Ghawajabai

Family: Plantaginaceae

Habit: Herbs

Habitat: Dry Place

Flowering Season: April to August

Parts used: Leaves, fruits, seeds

Medicinal uses:

Extract of leaves is applied to sores, wounds and inflamed surfaces. The seeds are laxative and are used for dysentery and mouth diseases. The leaves are slightly rubbed and used as antifungal in athlete’s foot disease.

Plant No: 26

Botanical Name: Zizyphus oxyphylla Edgew English Name: Pointed-Leaf jujube

Local Name: Elanai

Family: Rhamnaceae

Habit: Shrubs

Habitat: Dry Place

Flowering Season: April to August

Parts used: Roots, fruits

Medicinal uses:

The roots are used for curing jaundice. The fruits are edible and used for gas troubles. Also grown as hedge plant.

Plant No: 27

Botanical Name: Solanum nigrum L

English Name: European black nightshade Local Name: Karmacho

Family: Solanaceae

Habit: Herbs

Habitat: Dry place

Flowering Season: April to August

Parts used: Vegetative parts

Medicinal uses:

Fodder of low quality. Drinking water after eating this plant may cause flatulence and prove fatal to cattle. It has been used traditionally for the treatment of bacterial infections, cough and indigestion. This plant has also been investigated for ant proliferative.

Plant No: 28

Local Name: Drab

Family: Cyperaceae

Botanical Name: Datura stramonium L.

English Name: Jimsonweed

Local Name: Batura

Family: Solanaceae

Habit: Herbs

Habitat: Dry place

Flowering Season: April to August

Parts used: Leaves, seeds

Medicinal uses:

Green leaves are used for softening the boils. Seeds are smoked for narcotic action. Seeds and leaves are used as anodyne. The juices of flowers are useful for earache.

Plant No: 29

Botanical Name: Brassica campestris L.

English Name: Mustard

Local Name: Sharrsham

Family: Brassicaceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Moist, dry and sandy places

Flowering Season: March – April

Parts used: Leaves, seeds and whole plant Medicinal uses:

Used for headache, used for hair growth, used for hair thickness and used for muscular pain of the body. Oil is obtained from seeds and used for body massaging and hairs.

Plant No: 30

Botanical Name: Solanum virginisnum L. English Name: Thorny Nightshade or Yellow Berried Nightshade

Local Name: Maraghony

Family: Solanaceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Dry place

Flowering Season: March – April

Parts used: Fruit extract

Medicinal uses:

Used for the treatment of teeth ache. Used for the opening of sneezing. Fruit is to be chewed and stayed in mouth. Fruit extract in put into nose for opening sneezing

Plant No: 31

Botanical Name: Cyperus rotundus L.

English Name: Coco Grass

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Dry place

Flowering Season: May to August

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

Use for fodder and fuel. Cyperus rotundus L. is a medicinal herb traditionally used to treat various clinical conditions at home such as diarrhea, diabetes, paresis, and inflammation, malaria, and stomach and bowel disorders.

Plant No: 32

Botanical Name: Vigna unguiculata L.

English Name: Cowpea

Local Name: Lobya

Family: Fabaceae

Habit: Shrub

Habitat: Cultivated Fields

Parts used: Seeds

Medicinal uses:

Used as food and for kidney stone. Used to treat epilepsy, bilharzia, chest pains and constipation.

Plant No: 33

Botanical Name: Typha angustata Bory & Chaub. English Name: Typha Angustifolia

Local Name: Lokha

Family: Typhaceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Moist place

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

It is used as thatching material. Leaves are used as fodder. is an Ayurvedic herb used to treat bleeding disorders, difficulty to pass urine. It detoxifies breast milk, semen, ovum, menstrual blood and urine. It acts as diuretic and hemostatic.

Plant No: 34

Botanical Name: Oryza sativa L.

English Name: Rice

Local Name: Shoola

Family: Poaceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Moist place

Flowering Season: May to August

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

It is used for heart diseases, and diabetes and also used for food and fodder. Sticky rice often is used to treat heartburn, stomach upsets, and indigestion. Brown rice extracts have been utilized to treat warts, breast and stomach cancer, and also many parasitic diseases.

Plant No: 35

Botanical Name: Vitex negundo L.

English Name: Chines chaste tree

Local Name: Marvandai

Family: Lamiaceae

Habit: Shrub

Habitat: Dry Place

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

Used as digestive problems and fuel. These bioactive compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial. Typically known for its role in the modulation of cellular events like apoptosis, cell cycle, and motility of sperms, polycystic ovary disease, and menstrual cycle.

Plant No: 36

Botanical Name: Cestrum nocturnum L.

English Name: Lady of the Night

Local Name: Rat ki rani

Family: Solanaceae

Habit: Shrub

Habitat: Dry Place

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

Used for decorative purposes. It is also used as a hedge plant and cultivated as a medicinal plant. The medicinal properties of night-blooming jasmine include antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemia, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antifungal, anti-convulsant, anti-HIV, and larvicidal activities.

Plant No: 37

Botanical Name: Tagetes minuta L.

English Name: Tagetes

Local Name: Dambar Gully

Family: Asteraceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Moist Place

Flowering Seasons: June – July

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

Different plants can be safe from nematodes and use ornamentally. Remedy for colds, respiratory inflammations, stomach problems, anti-spasmodic, anti-parasitic, anti-septic, insecticide, and sedative.

Plant No: 38

Botanical Name: Parthenium hysterophorous L. English Name: Santa Maria fever few

Local Name: Zangley Tarkha

Family: Asteraceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Dry Place

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

Fodder and fuel. Remedy for skin inflammation, rheumatic pain, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, dysentery, malaria, and neuralgia.

Plant No: 39

Botanical Name: Ficus carica L.

English Name: Fig

Local Name: Inzar

Family: Moraceae

Habit: Medium-sized cultivated tree

Habitat: Dry Place

Flowering Season: Summer.

Parts used: Fruits, latex

Medicinal uses:

Fruits, both in dry or fresh form, are edible. It is laxative and demulcent, used in constipation, piles and urinary bladder problems. The latex is used against warts and to remove spines and thorns easily.

Plant No: 40

Botanical Name: Nasturtium officinale R. Br English Name: watercress

Local Name: Tarmira

Family: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

Habit: A perennial herb of moist habitats Habitat: Moist Place

Flowering Season: March-Aug.

Parts used: Vegetative portion

Medicinal uses:

A vegetable, salad and pot-herb. It is an antiscorbic, appetizer, and diuretic and used in chest infections and stomachache. Some people also use in heart and kidney troubles.

Plant No: 41

Local Name: Shahtra

Family: Fumariaceae

Botanical Name: Narcissus poeticus L

English Name: poet’s daffodil

Local Name: Goli Nargas

Family: Amayrlidaceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Moist and Dry Place

Parts used: Flowers

Medicinal uses:

It is used for ornamental purposes. Indeed, powerful anticancer properties of Narcissus poeticus L. were already known to the Father of Medicine, Hippokrates, who recommended a pessary prepared from narcissus oil for the treatment of uterine tumors.

Plant No: 42

Botanical Name: Papaver somniferum L English Name: bread seed poppy

Local Name: Apium or Opium

Family: Papaveraceae

Habit: Shrub

Habitat: Dry Place

Parts used: Leaves and fruit

Medicinal uses:

The capsule is cut with blade and removes “charse‟‟ farm them. Relive pain, Hypnotic, Sedative, Headache, Diarrhea and Dysentery. Seed are nutritive and also used for cough.

Plant No: 43

Botanical Name: Amaranthus virdis L.

English Name: slender amaranth

Local Name: Chorlai

Family: Amaranthaceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Dry Place

Parts used: Leaves

Medicinal uses:

For Diuretic, lithasis, headache swelling and used food and fodder. Traditional Ayurvedic medicine as antipyretic agents, also for the treatment of inflammation, ulcer, diabetic, asthma and hyperlipidemia.

Plant No: 44

Botanical Name: Fumaria indica (Husskn.) H.N. Pugsley

English Name: Fumitory

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Dry Place

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

It is used as a fodder as well as fuel. Shoots are also used in diarrhea, blood purifier and fever. Fumeria indicia is used in aches and pains, diarrhea, fever, influenza, liver complaints, vomiting, constipation, dyspepsia, blood purification, leucoderma, anthelmintic, diuretic, diaphoretic and, in combination with black pepper, for jaundice.

Plant No: 45

Botanical Name: Medicago denticulata Willd English Name: California bur clover

Local Name: Feshtary

Family: Fabaceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Moist Place

Parts used: Leaves

Medicinal uses:

Used as food and for sugar control. It is used in the treatment of heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, indigestion, halitosis, constipation, and menopausal disorders in women.

Plant No: 46

Botanical Name: Taraxicum officinale (L.) English Name: dandelion

Local Name: Ziar gully

Family: Asteraceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Dry Place

Parts used: Roots

Medicinal uses:

Roots are used in diabetes and for kidney problems. Fresh or dried dandelion herb is also used as a mild appetite stimulant, and to improve upset stomach. The root of the dandelion plant may act as a mild laxative and has been used to improve digestion. Preliminary research suggests that dandelion may help improve liver and gallbladder function.

Plant No: 47

Botanical Name: Pinus roxburghii Sargent English Name: Chir pine or longleaf Indian pine Local Name: Nakhtar

Family: Pinaceae

Habit: Tree

Habitat: Dry Place

Parts used: Whole tree

Medicinal uses:

The resin locally known, as “Jaula” is a stimulant used for ulcers, snakebites, scorpion stings and skin diseases. It is a blood purifier. Wood is an aromatic, antiseptic, deodorant, and diaphoretic, stimulant and is used in the burning of the body, cough, fainting, and ulceration. Wood is used as timber in construction, and makes a good fuel.

Plant No: 48

Botanical Name: Euphorbia helioscopia L English Name: Sun spurge

Local Name: Mandarro

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Moist and damp places

Parts used: Juice of leaves and root

Medicinal uses:

Leaves juice is used against scorpions and snack biting. Used for the removal of intestinal parasites. Help in the treatment of chronic coughing and dysentery. Seeds are purgative. Latex is used for skin diseases and to extract the spine from the skin.

Plant No: 49

Botanical Name: Artimisia maritime L.

English Name: Sea wormwood

Local Name: Tarkha

Family: Asteraceae

Habit: Herbs

Habitat: Dry Place

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

Use as shelter, fuel, Cough, cold, and anemia. It is used mainly as a tonic to the digestive system, in treating intermittent fevers and as a vermifuge. The leaves and flowering shoots are anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge

Plant No: 50

Botanical Name: Indigofera articulate gouan (L) English Name: Indigo

Local Name: Ghwarega

Family: Papilonaceae.

Habit: Shrub

Habitat: Mountain Areas

Parts used: Whole plant

Medicinal uses:

Use as a fuel and shelter also used is fodder of cattle. Pain, respiratory diseases, diarrhea, wound healing. Is Indigofera a medicinal plant Indigofera species are widely employed in traditional medicine all around the world, against many ailments.

Table: 1 Plants used for Fuels

Table: 2 Plants used for Furniture

Table: 3 Plants Used for Fodder

Table: 4 Plants used as Vegetable

Table: 5 Plants used for Shelter

Table: 6 Plants used for Ornamentals

Table: 7 Plants Used for Food

Table: 8 Plants Used for Medicine

Table: 9 Number of species and percentage

Figure 1: Representation of Plants used for, Fuels, Furniture, Fodder, Vegetable, Shelter, Ornamentals, Food and Medicine

Figure 2: Representation of Herbs, Shrubs and Trees

Figure 3: Representation of families and their percentage

DISCUSSION

In the present research study sum of 50 plant species belonging to 32 families was reported from the District Darangal Dir Lower. Different plant parts i.e., roots, rhizomes, tubers, leaves, stem, wood, and fruits were used by the locals for various purposes in their daily life. Leaves were the most favored plant part used by an indigenous community comprised of 50 species (70.42%) followed by stems (47 species, 66.87%), whole plant (13 species, 20.52%), fruits (09 species, 14%) and roots (04 species, 5.71%). During the survey family Asteraceae was found to contribute the highest number of plant species (08) to the local usage.

It was followed by the family Papilionaceae (06 species), Poaceae (05 species), Mimosaceae and Solanaceae (04 species each), Euphorbiaceae (03 species), Apocynaceae, Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Polygonaceae, Rhamnaceae, Malvaceae, and Myrtaceae shared 02 species each while family Arecaceae, Acanthaceae, Cactaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Boraginaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cyperaceae, Canabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Fumariaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Primulaceae, Oleaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Temaraceae, Oxalidaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Solanaceae, Apiaceae and Zygophylaceae were represented by one species each.

(Fatima et al. 2023) reported from Punjab a total of 48 plant species belonging to 23 families used for various purposes by the local community. (Jan et al. 2011) reported from lower Dir that the family Asteraceae was the most important family with regard to its ethnobotanical value.

He documented 26 weed species belonging to 16 families. (Ijaz et al, 2017) reported a total of 172 medicinal taxa from Allai Valley, Pakistan used by the indigenous people for the treatment of various illnesses.

Popularly used 31 medicinal plants by the indigenous were reported from Northern Ethiopia (Mesfin et al. 2013). In District Dir Lower the indigenous people mainly used wild herbs (44 spp., 61.11%), followed by wild trees (16 spp., 23.61%) and wild shrubs (11 spp., 15.06%). These plants were used for different purposes such as fodder, furniture, fuel, oil, edible fruits, and vegetables. Most of the reported species 110were used for multipurpose.

In the present study it was concluded that 45 species (63.5%) were used as fodder, 30 species (41.66%) for fuel, 10 species \(14.69%) for furniture, thatching species were 08 (11.95%), 07 species (9.58%) were used as vegetable, 04 species (7.04%) for hedge purpose, fruit species were 04 (6.04%), 03 species (4.10%) were grown for ornamental purposes and 01 species (1.36%) for each of the following purposes; coloring the clothes, oil for hairs, perfume, in surf industries and in making basket, ropes and hand fan. (Barkatullah and Ibrar, 2011) reported 31 plants species from Malakand agency that were used in the area for fuel, 14 plant species for making furniture, 15 species for house construction particularly for thatching purposes, 47 species were most frequently used for fodder/forage, 40 species (23.68%) were consumed as vegetable and fruit.

There were 19 species grown around houses and crop fields as fences. (Hazrat et al., 2011) conducted survey in district Buner and reported 21 fuel plant species, 13 vegetables, 7 roof thatching species, 6 timber wood species and 40 species for medicinal purposes. 10% of plant species were used for fuel and furniture from district Mana Angetu (Lulekal et al., 2008). 16 plant species were used as fuel at Jandool Valley, Dir Lower (Nasrullah et al., 2012). In a similar study,

(Ullah, 2021) reported 15 plant species used for furniture and 9 plant species used for ornamental purposes at Ushairy Valley, district Dir (Upper). Cones of gymnosperm were used for decoration at Poonch Valley Azad Kashmir Pakistan (Khan, 2008).04 bushy and spiny species were used as borders around the parks and houses. The oil of Eruca sativa as used a hair tonic while the oil of Pongamia pinnata is used for cooking purposes. The Osmium bacilicum is used in perfumes due to its fragrance. Aloe vera fleshy leaves are used in surf industries. The ash of Calotropis procera is used as a cloth coloring agent. Lack of proper education and poor economic condition of the area has led to the deforestation of natural vegetation, which is added by the unavailability of alternative fuel.

CONCLUSION

The current medicinal survey was carried out on medicinal plants of Village Darangal Tehsil Samar Bagh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A total of 50 plant species were collected from March to September along with their local name, botanical name, English name, family, habit, part use, method of use, and medicinal use. The herbaceous cover was dominated with (40%) species followed by trees with (42%) species and then by shrubs with (18%) species.

We concluded that the studied area is rich floristically with medicinal plants and is important medicinally and economically. But unfortunately, due to unawareness some medicinally and economically important plants like Pinus species have high market value which are cutting at an alarming rate. Because of overutilization, over-collection, over-exploitation, habitat degradation, overharvesting, deforestation, population explosion, grazing and deforestation the area is under high biotic pressure.

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