South Asian Research Publishing Organization (SARPO)

Sana Akhtar*, Roohia Chishtee, Rabia Amir, Afifa Riasat Khan

Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women University, Pakistan

INTRODUCTION

Climate change impacts are extensive. Physiological, geographical, social, political, and economic effects can be seen with changing climate. Global climate change is changing our relationship with the environment, altering stable climate factors, and making them dangerous, unpredictable, and threatening. Many developing countries in the world are seriously threatened by climate change. Climate change has not only put pressure on water resources but also changed land use and impacted the ability of ecosystems to sustain food production, ensure an uninterrupted supply of freshwater resources, provision of ecosystem services, and promotion of local multifunctional (Abbasi Z et al. 2020).

Each and everything in the world grows and changes. So, the climate of the world also changes with time. Various studies show that climate change is happening much faster than before. Humanity is currently facing dramatic changes in climate. Temperatures, sea level rise, ocean warming, winter shortening and warming, increased occurrence of severe cyclones, melting of glaciers, and many other most common extreme climate events. These changes will have many negative effects on humans and natural ecosystems. For developing mitigation strategies, regional and broad knowledge of climate change is required. A lot of research has been done on climate change awareness among students, educators, farmers, and others. These studies indicate that we need to focus on a fundamental understanding of communities/ people to increase their susceptibility to climate change (Mohsin et al. 2022).

There are studies one from the United States and the other from the United Kingdom that have been done to further explain the risk of severe rain. They have cautioned that these hazards are brought on by extreme climate change, thus we must gradually address the problem of global warming. The two floods of 500 years each in Just 15 Years occurred and one of them occurred in the United States the Great Flood of 1993, which wreaked havoc on cities along the Mississippi River and its tributaries in nine Midwestern states. Hundreds of levees burst, forcing thousands of Americans to leave their homes and lives behind, and the total cost of the destruction ranged from $12 to 16 billion in only 15 years (Singh et al. 2012).

A lot of people still question whether the climate is warming or not. A common challenge in understanding the problem of climate change is that science is complex, lengthy, and it requires thinking. Certain misguided judgments make the question wrong, in addition to conceptual flaws of global climate change like the difference between weather and climate (Singh et al. 2016).

The study was conducted on Karnataka’s agriculture has been devastated by climate change, creating a shortage of food, and increasing poverty. Due to unpredictable rainfall patterns, crop yields are dropping, which has an impact on both farmers’ and consumers’ access to food. Food scarcity has a negative impact on livelihood growth and resilience, which is counterproductive. Researchers have claimed that climate change poses major concerns to farming households’ ability to ensure food protection (Schweizer et al. 2005).

In the Palghar district of Maharashtra, more than 30% of women have a BMI underweight of 18.5 kg/m2, and more than 50% of infants aged 6 to 59 months have anemia in 2015. The Indian non-profit organization The Energy Research Institute launched a series of interventions in 2018 to reduce chronic malnutrition and anemia connected to food insecurity by exploiting the area’s abundance of natural resources and biodiversity. The major objective of the program is to encourage tribal tribes to resume including nutrient rich, locally cultivated wild foods in their daily diet. The facilitation of community focus groups by knowledgeable local health professionals and the

introduction of nutrition initiatives in surrounding schools have increased social acceptance of these food sources (Wheeler et al. 2013).

A quarter of all carbon dioxide that is released onto land is absorbed by tropical forests, which are powerhouses in the carbon storage department. There is evidence that the 2005 and 2010 droughts may have reached a growth limit for tropical forests. Brazil has decreased deforestation in the Amazon by 60–70% since 2004, although additional decreases might not have a significant impact on the global carbon budget. With vast amounts of carbon being released by fires, Indonesia has the highest rate of deforestation and the largest area of forest cleared worldwide (Gairola et al. 2010).

Due to short-term crop output fluctuations and food insecurity in sensitive places, climate change has the potential to obstruct efforts to end world hunger. A “climate-smart food system” needs to be built through investments in adaptation and mitigation (Chang S et al., 2018). Healthcare systems in the Himalayan region that rely on medicinal plants are significantly affected by climate change. This study examined how Vaidyas perceived medicinal herbs and their impact on conventional medical practices. The locals employ 15 highly valuable medicinal herbs to treat illnesses, but due to changes in phenoplasts, and have shifted the collection season. To adapt to the changes, traditional healers have discovered various plant species as alternatives (Sanjay et al. 2010).

Global health initiatives have increased as a result of the terrible effects that climate change has on the world’s poorest citizens. In order to address this, a collaborative learning initiative is proposed to raise awareness of climate change, strengthen the evidence base, incorporate climate change mitigation and adaptation concerns into program design, and align existing global health program targets and methods with more comprehensive frameworks for climate change and sustainable development (Nelson et al. 2009).

Pakistan is a country that is quite deprived in terms of resources with a population that is quite large and is increasing day by day very quickly. It has an exceptionally low natural resource base and socio cultural conditions in particularly disadvantaged areas conditions.

The population of Pakistan is estimated at about 190 million people and the growth rate of the annual population is 2.2%. Agriculture and power generation in Pakistan rely severely on the irrigation water flowing from Himalayan glaciers. Being a dry land, Pakistan is always short of water for agriculture and urban/industrial use.

In addition, Pakistani people, especially those living in slums and squatter settlements, suffer from heat stress and various diseases such as gastroenteritis, dengue fever, and malaria. Changing of climate is an extra load for this country as it is already facing a lot of issues and burdens. On the ranking list of the countries most affected by the change of climate, Pakistan is the 12th number (Shahid et al. 2016).

It is noticeably clear that Pakistan is one of those countries which are most exposed to climate change. Pakistan has experienced many severe floods, droughts, and storms during the past few years. However, there are very few studies present that have focused on studying why Pakistan is the most susceptible to the risk caused by climate change.

Floods and droughts, along with multiple natural threats that people face, are major sources of economic and social risk to individuals and contribute to rising deaths. Especially in developing countries, rural populations are often vulnerable to floods due to their low levels of adaptability and wealth. The intensity and severity of floods in developing countries are primarily ecological and climate change related.

The lack of professional and efficient identification of the impacts of changing climatic conditions on agricultural systems can have exceptional and negative impacts on food productivity and its security and contribute to poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Development efforts can also become an obstacle (Fahad et al. 2020).

Due to climate change, Lahore has experienced many major events recently. Winter is very short, and summer is longer than usual. Summer temperatures in Lahore in 2019 were extremely hot, with some days exceeding 45 degrees Celsius. As an agricultural city, Lahore also faces climate challenges, with hailstorms distorting crops. This suggests that the ice cap has melted. Pakistan has also suffered from flood problems in recent years (RanaI et al. 2018).

Climate change is an environmental crisis that requires widespread attention not only from policymakers but also from the general public. School, College, and University students were selected as the target group to determine public knowledge about climate change in Pakistan. There are many conceptual difficulties students face in such subjects due to limited knowledge and many misunderstandings.

Due to limited local media coverage on the issue, students may believe anything and everything that can turn a simple scientific phenomenon into a debate in their minds (Gulraiz et al. 2021 Lahore is the capital of Punjab and is the second most populous city in the country. The city has a long history and has undergone remarkable expansion, growth, and development activities since the 1970s, including buildings, road construction, and loss of prime agricultural land, among many other human activities (Shirazi et al. 2012).

Therefore, the main objective of this study was to know the perception of climate change among college students in Lahore. The main purpose of this study is to raise awareness and educate young people about climate change.

METHODOLOGY

The research was carried out at Kinnaird College for Women and nearby institutes including, Lahore College for women university, university of Central Punjab, Punjab University, and KIPS School in Lahore, region of Punjab Pakistan. A survey was conducted in the adult population among students who examined climate change awareness in their region and filled out the questionnaire. The poll included a total of 403 students. A Google-formed-based questionnaire was developed and conducted online. The questionnaire was reviewed multiple times and kept simple. The responses were analyzed. The purposes of the survey and all the terms used in the survey were explained to the respondents and maintained confidentially. The survey was conducted on a limited sample of the city’s population. As a result, the research sample was biased. The research shows the estimation of awareness regarding climate change in certain age groups of people. Secondary data was collected by using the internet and library to gain access to publish articles, journals, and reports. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire included closed-ending questions that were filled by 800 students of urban communities. The survey shows different responses from students regarding climate change awareness. The questionnaire survey responses were statistically analyzed and compiled by using the IBM SPSS software. Positive and Negative responses of defendants were calculated.

Figure 1. Research Methodology

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Firstly, frequencies between the variables were obtained using numeric values. In frequencies, cumulative percentages were also found. Frequencies were in two categories, Yes or No. Standard deviation and descriptive statistics were obtained. In Standard deviation minimum, maximum, and mean were also obtained. At last, Correlations were obtained between different variables. Correlations were obtained by correlating age, gender, socioeconomic status, and education level with different variables.

Then Frequency, Standard deviation, and correlation results were discussed. The result of the questionnaire Survey has a different frequency. The respondents (81.1%) think that global climate is changing thus the results of that question show that the students at different educational institutes already have some knowledge about climate change because of its increasing effects on weather.

The respondents (73.7%) think that human activities are really responsible for climate change which can be due to the increasing use of fossil fuels for vehicles and for energy etc. More than half of respondents (67%) think that deforestation is one of the causes of climate change as forests are the larger sinks of carbon. The forest is cleared for agriculture or woods which increases the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that can cause climate change. In the questionnaire, respondents were asked about the UNFCC which showed that more than half of

respondents (61.3%) know about the UNFCC which was signed in 1993 for addressing the problems that are increasing the greenhouse gas in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic activities that cause climate change. The respondents (67.5%) know about the international panel on Climate Change which is the policy maker on climate change to control the climate change activities.

The respondents (71%) are aware that vehicular emissions are one of the causes of climate change, so they know that fossil fuel burning releases greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere which is enough to cause climate change.

The respondents (66.5%) really knew that industrial emission is one of the causes of climate change that releases every kind of chemical in the atmosphere that can change the climate. Human health issues are due to climate change, so respondents (80%) think that yes, it is due to climate change that introduces the dangerous greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause asthma or skin allergies on exposure to climate change.

In the Questionnaire respondents (78.2%) think that water related issues are mainly due to climate change so they must know that climate changes increase the temperature which increases the chances of flooding that can disturb the water flow in dams. The respondents (81.9%) think that agricultural production is affected by climate change as they know that temperature is changing that are affecting the growth of crops that grows in summer and in springs or winter and majority respondents (78%) agreed that climate change is responsible for the natural disasters like floods that occurred in SINDH due to change of temperature.

According to respondents (84.6%), climate change can cause threats to nutritional security and malnutrition by increasing the chances of diseases in crops and by destroying the crop’s nutritional value which led to malnutrition. The respondents (65.5%) agree that climate change has impacted food security in Pakistan by increasing the chances of drought and floods mainly in Sindh province.

The majority of respondents (80.8%) agreed that higher temperatures and emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and drought and floods affect the staple food in the world. Most of the countries including Latin America and most parts of Africa have rice as their staple food so the areas that are facing drought due to increased temperature can have problems in cultivating the rice.

More than half of respondents (75.4%) agreed that vector-borne diseases are due to climate change then they must know that the most viral disease carried by a vector in the world is dengue and over one-third of the world’s population resides in warm, humid tropical areas, where the temperature is excellent for the mosquitoes that transmit dengue and the other lethal and extensively researched climate-sensitive vector borne disease is malaria, which is brought on by plasmodium species and spreads between people by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.

In Questionnaire, the respondents (74.2%) agreed that physical hazards due to climate change can be health related such as climate change causing floods that destroy people’s personal property including their agricultural lands from where they eat, and these people can face malnutrition so climate change can cause physical hazards related health. The respondents (75.4%) agreed that lifestyle changes can help to cope with climate change that can be done by using public transport more than personal transport and by using more renewable energy sources that can decrease the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and it can be done by planting the more trees. In Questionnaire, the respondents (66.3%) agreed that awareness about climate change is important to reduce the changes in climate and it can be done by spreading awareness in areas where people are less educated including villages where people still burn their lands to clear their land which is the old and destructive methods to clear the land that can cause climate change by increasing the

temperature and by introducing the smoke in the air. The respondent (74.7%) International partnership and cooperation are important to cope up with the climate change because all countries are responsible for the causes of greenhouse gases especially developed countries all countries are suffering due to climate change so international partnership and cooperation are important regarding climate change.

As shown in the table below, in Questionnaire the respondents (74.8%) agree that awareness and campaigns about climate change can help to control climate change and that campaigns about climate change can be done by individuals on social media where the person can engage a large amount of audience.

The respondents (65%) agreed that helping the community on addressing climate change and food security by educating them about the activities that can cause threats to food security and the respondents (71.7%) also agreed that more scientific research is still needed various aspects and climate change because scientific new research can further help to understand why global temperatures continue to rising and how global warming is going to affect the world and different scientific studies will helps to address this issue before it gets worse.

The respondents (71%) are aware that vehicular emissions are one of the causes of climate change, so they know that fossils fuels burning release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere that is enough to cause climate change.

The respondents (66.5%) really knew that industrial emission is one of the causes of climate change that releases every kind of chemical in the atmosphere that can change the climate. Human health issues are due to climate change, so respondents (80%) think that yes, it is due to climate change that it introduces the dangerous greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause asthma or skin allergies on exposure to the climate change.

In the Questionnaire respondents (78.2%) think that water related issues are mainly due to climate change so they must know that climate changes increase temperature that increases the chances of flooding that can disturb the water flow in dams. The respondents (81.9%) thinks that agricultural production is affecting by the climate change as they know that temperature is changing that are affecting the growth of crops that grows in summer and in springs or winter and majority respondents (78%) agreed that climate change is responsible for the natural disasters like floods that occurred in SINDH due to change of temperature.

According to respondents (84.6%) climate change can cause threats to nutritional security and malnutrition by increasing the chances of diseases in crops and by destroying the crop’s nutritional value that led to malnutrition. The respondents (65.5%) agree that climate change has impacted food security in Pakistan by increasing the chances of drought and floods mainly in Sindh province. The majority of respondents (80.8%) agreed that higher temperatures and emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and drought and floods affect the staple food in the world.

Most of the countries including Latin America and most parts of Africa have rice as their staple food so the areas that are facing drought due to increased temperature can have problems in cultivating the rice. More than half respondents (75.4%) agreed that vector borne diseases are due to climate change then they must know that the most viral disease carried by a vector in the world is dengue and over one-third of the world’s population resides in warm, humid tropical areas, where the temperature is excellent for the mosquitoes that transmit dengue and the other lethal and extensively researched climate-sensitive vector borne disease is malaria, which is brought on by plasmodium species and spreads between people by infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.

In Questionnaire, the respondents (74.2%) agreed that physical hazards due to climate change can be health related such as climate change causing floods that destroys the people’s personal property including their agricultural lands from where they eat, and these people can face malnutrition so climate change can cause physical hazards related health.

The respondents (75.4%) agreed that lifestyle changes can help to cope with the ate change that can be done by using the public transport more than personal transport and by using more renewable energy sources that can decrease the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and it can be done by planting the more trees. In Questionnaire, the respondents (66.3%) agreed that awareness about climate change is important to reduce the changes in climate and it can be done by spreading the awareness in areas where people are less educated includes villages where people still burn their lands to clear their land which is the old and destructive methods to clear the land that can cause climate change by increasing the temperature and by introducing the smoke in the air.

The respondent (74.7%) International partnership and cooperation are important to cope up with the climate change because all countries are responsible for the causes of greenhouse gases especially developed countries and

all countries are suffering due to climate change so international partnership and cooperation are important regarding climate change. As shown in the Table below, in Questionnaire the respondents (74.8%) agree that awareness scampaignspaign about climate change help to con climate changes that campaigns about climate change can be done by individuals on social media where the person can engage largea amount of audience.

The respondents (65%) agreed that helping the community on addressing climate change and food security by educating them about the activities that can cause threats to food security and the respondents (71.7%) are also agreed that more scientific research is still needed various aspects and climate change because scientific new research can further help to understand why global temperatures are continue to rising and how global warming is going to affects the world and different scientific studies will helps to address this issue before it gets worse.

The table below shows descriptive statistics. Mean (M) and Standard deviation (Std. Deviation) are shown in the above table. As shown in the table, information of 403 responses is included. The difference between maximum and minimum age of respondents is 18-22 years. Respondents are mostly females and males are very few. For Socio-Economic status maximum respondents’ response is middle Class and minimum response is upper class. The maximum responses for Education Level are Undergraduate and Minimum Response is Postgraduate. Standard deviation measures the dispersion among data sets.

Do you think that the global climate is changing? are (Mean:.8114 and St. Deviation: .39617), For do you think that human activities are contributing to climate change? are (Mean: 7.370 and St. Deviation: .44082), For do you think that deforestation contributes most significantly towards climate change? are (Mean: .6700 and St. Deviation: .47081). For Have you ever heard about UNFCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)?

are (Mean: 6.129 and St. Deviation: .48769), For have you ever heard about IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change)? are (Mean: .6749 and St. Deviation: .46898). For do you think that vehicular pollution is contributing to climate change? are (Mean:.7196 and St. Deviation: .44975), For do you think that industrial pollution is also major reason behind climate change? are (Mean: .6650 and St. Deviation: .47257), For do you think that health-related issues have connection to changing climate? are (Mean:.7940 and St. Deviation: .40490). For do you think that water-related issues (quantity as well as quality of water) are mainly pertaining to changing climate change?

are (Mean: .7618 and St. Deviation: .42652), For do you think that reduction in agricultural production is related to climate change? are (Mean:.8089 and St. Deviation: .39363), For do you think that climate change can lead to frequent natural disasters? are (Mean:.6799 and St. Deviation: .46709). For do you think that the impact of climate change threats nutrition security and causes undernutrition? are (Mean: .8561 and St. Deviation: .35145), For do you think Pakistan is currently facing impacts of climate change on food security are for (Mean: .6551 and St. Deviation: .47593), For do you agree higher temperatures, water scarcity, droughts, floods and greater CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere affect staple crop around the world?

are (Mean: .7940 and St. Deviation: .40490). For do you think that vector borne diseases are also health related impact of climate change? are (Mean: .7444 and St. Deviation: .43673), For do you think that direct physical hazards of extreme climatic events are health-related impact of climate change? are (Mean: .7320 and St. Deviation: .44346), For do you think that various issues due to climate change are same at different places? are (Mean: .7841 and St. Deviation: .41194). For do you think that lifestyle changes would be effective in tackling climate change. (Mean: .7444 and St. Deviation: .43673), For do you think that awareness and education regarding climate change is important to prevent further climate change?

are (Mean: .6526 and St. Deviation: .47673), For do you think that international partnership and cooperation is also essential in order to tackle climate change? are (Mean:.6873 and St. Deviation: .46415). For have you ever promoted awareness on climate change or participated in climate change awareness campaigns? (Mean:.7370 and St. Deviation: .44082), For if no, will you ever help community on addressing climate change and food security?

are (Mean:.6501 and St. Deviation: .47752) and For do you think that more scientific research is still needed on various aspects and climate change? are (Mean: .7072 and St. Deviation: .45561). Total number of responses includes N: 403. All the values the M are laying within the range of (0 to +1) which confirms the normality of the data similarly the values of standard deviation are laying within in the range of (0.3 to 0.6) also shows the normality of data and the descriptive statistics of each item were also measured to get the data which is presented in the appendix. These values confirm the normality of each response.

Table 1: Frequencies and Cumulative Percentages between Different Variables

Table 2: Mean and Standard Deviation between Different Variables

Pearson correlation was studied between multiple variables to determine the level of awareness regarding climate change between respondents of students of Lahore. The results of correlating variables with each other were as follows. Firstly, the Pearson correlation was performed between multiple variables like gender of respondents, awareness about global climate change, contribution of human activities to climate change and contribution of deforestation towards climate change.

As a result, positive correlation was observed between respondent’s gender and perception about climate change, human activities contribution to climate change and deforestation contribution towards climate change at 1% level of significance. Pearson’s correlation was also performed between different variables like age of respondents, heard about UNFCC, contribution of vehicular pollution to climate change and heard about IPCC. Positive correlation was determined between age, UNFCC, vehicular pollution and IPCC at the 1% level of significance.

Pearson’s correlation was also performed between different variables like socioeconomic status of respondents, industrial population major reason behind climate change, water related issues pertaining to climate change and human health related issues connection to climate change. Positive correlation was determined between socioeconomic, industrial pollution, water related issues and human health related issues at the 1% level of significance.

Pearson’s correlation was also performed between different variables like education level of respondents, agricultural production related to climate change, climate change may lead to frequent natural disasters and climate change impact threatens nutrition security causes undernutrition.

Positive correlation was determined between education level, frequent natural disasters, agricultural production and threatens nutrition security at the 1% level of significance. Pearson’s correlation was also performed between different variables like gender of respondents, Pakistan facing impacts of climate change on food security, higher temperatures, water scarcity, droughts, floods, and greater CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere affect staple crop around the world and vector borne diseases health related impacts of climate change.

Positive correlation was determined between gender, Pakistan, and food security, affect staple crop and vector borne diseases at the 1% level of significance. Pearson’s correlation was also performed between different variables like age of respondents, direct physical hazards of extreme climatic events health related impacts of climate change, issues due to climate change same at different places and changes in lifestyle for tackling climate change. Positive correlation was determined between age, direct physical hazards, issues same and changes in lifestyle at the 1% level of significance.

Pearson’s correlation was also performed between different variables like socioeconomic status of respondents, awareness, and campaign to prevent climate change, international partnership, and cooperation to manage climate change and promoted or participated in climate change awareness campaign. Positive correlation was determined between socioeconomic, awareness and campaign, international partnership and cooperation and promotion and participation at the 1% level of significance.

Pearson’s correlation was also performed between different variables like the education level of respondents, help in addressing the community, scientific research needed on various aspects and climate change. Positive correlation was determined between education level, addressing the community, and scientific research at the 1% level of significance.

Table No 3: Correlation Between Level of Education, Helping the Community and Scientific Research

CONCLUSION

Climate change is changing our relationship with the environment. As time passes, the climate is changing rapidly. This is mainly due to activities performed by humans. Climate change affects our environment and the well-being of living organisms. For developing mitigations and strategies for climate change, a lot of research is required. The phenomenon of climate change is very difficult to understand, and it requires a lot of effort. Pakistan is on 12th rank out of all the countries most exposed to climate change.

We know that Pakistan is already facing a lot of social and economic issues, climate change is an additional stress and load for this country. People of Pakistan are greatly affected by climate change. If we talk about Lahore, its population is exposed to climate change and its impacts.

The world needs to study climate change in detail, so the impacts and future are predicted. The main aim of conducting this survey was to analyze climate change awareness among the students of Lahore.

The survey was filled by 403 students in Lahore. Out of 403, 220 were female whereas 183 were male. Out of 403 responses, 257 Students age ranged from 19-22 years, 110 students age ranged above 22 years and only 36 students age ranged from 16-18 years. Social economic status of 237 students were middle class where 135 students belonged to upper class and only 31 students were from lower class.

The education level of 191 students was Undergraduate while 148 students’ education level was Postgraduate and only 64 students were from Intermediate.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are deeply grateful to all those who played a role in the success of this project. Special thanks to HOD, Ma’am Almas Hamid, supervisor Mam Sana Akhtar, and loving Father and Mother for supporting and helping throughout this research.

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